Solar UV Doses of Young Americans and Vitamin D3 Production

BACKGROUND: Sunlight contains ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation (290-315 nm) that affects human health in both detrimental (skin cancers) and beneficial (vitamin D-3) ways. Serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentrations from young Americans (<= 19 years) show that many have deficient (< 50 nmol/L, 20 ng/mL) or insufficient (< 75 nmol/L, 30 ng/mL) vitamin D levels, indicating that they are not getting enough sun exposure. Those findings are in conflict with some calculated, published values that suggest people make "ample" vitamin D-3 (similar to 1,000 IU/day) from their "casual," or everyday, outdoor exposures even if they diligently use sunscreens with sun protection factor (SPF) 15. OBJECTIVE: We estimated how much vitamin D-3 young Americans (n = similar to 2,000) produce from their everyday outdoor ultraviolet doses in the North (45 degrees N) and South (35 degrees N) each season of the year with and without vacationing. METHODS: For these vitamin D-3 calculations, we used geometric conversion factors that change planar to whole-body doses, which previous calculations did not incorporate. RESULTS: Our estimates suggest that American children may not be getting adequate outdoor UVB exposures to satisfy their vitamin D-3 needs all year, except some Caucasians during the summer if they do not diligently wear sunscreens except during beach vacations. CONCLUSION: These estimates suggest that most American children may not be going outside enough to meet their minimal (similar to 600 IU/day) or optimal (>= 1,200 IU/day) vitamin D requirements.