The effects of metformin in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Background: This retrospective study investigated the effect of adding metformin to pharmacologic insulin dosing in type 1 diabetics on insulin therapy 1 year after treatment compared with patients on insulin therapy alone. Methods: Twenty-nine adults with type 1 diabetes who had metformin added to their insulin therapy for 12 months were compared with 29 adults with type 1 diabetes who remained on insulin-alone therapy. Results: Fifty-eight patients with C peptide negative-type 1 diabetics (26 females, mean age: 29.01 +/- 7.03 years, BMI: 24. 18 +/- 3.16 kg/m(2)) were analyzed. Age, sex, body weight, insulin dose requirement, plasma glucose (PG), blood pressure (BP), and lipids did not differ between groups before treatment (p > 0.05). Metabolic syndrome (44.8 vs 41.4%, p > 0.05) did not differ between the metformin-insulin and insulin alone groups before treatment. Metabolic syndrome was more decreased in the metformin-insulin group than in the insulin alone group after treatment (-8.9 +/- 1.3 vs. 2.5 +/- 0.6%, p = 0.028). Insulin dose requirement was lower in the metformin-insulin group than in the insulin alone group (-0.03 vs. 0.11 IU/kg/d, p = 0.006). Fasting PG (-26.9 +/- 54.2 vs. 0.7 +/- 29.5 mg/dL, p = 0.022) and postprandial PG (-43.1 +/- 61.8 mg/dL vs.-3.1 +/- 40.1 mg/dL, p = 0.010) was more decreased in the metformin-insulin group than in the insulin alone group. Body weight, lipids, and HbA1c did not differ between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Metformin decreased glucose concentrations, reduced metabolic syndrome, as well as insulin dose requirement more than insulin therapy alone, 1 year after treatment. These results were independent of blood lipid improvement or weight loss, although on average weight remained decreased with metformin-insulin therapy, whereas the average weight increased with insulin therapy alone.