Commensal Gut Flora Reduces Susceptibility to Experimentally Induced Colitis Via T-cell-derived Interleukin-10

Background: Regulatory cytokines are well known to modify experimental colitis in mice. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of interleukin (IL)-10 derived from different cellular sources and the effect of commensal gut flora in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Methods: Wildtype (WT) and IL-10 deficient (IL-10(-/-)) mice either harboring a characterized specific pathogen-free (SPF) gut flora or germfree were exposed to 2% DSS. Moreover, cell type-specific IL-10, IL-4, and IL-12 knockout mice and animals combining the T-cell-specific IL10 knockout with a deficiency in IL-12 or IL-4 were exposed to DSS. Results: SPF IL-10(-/-) mice showed an increased susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis compared to WT mice determined by histopathology and proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses. Under germfree conditions, both WT and IL-10(-/-) mice were highly susceptible to DSS. IL-10 mRNA was increased upon DSS exposure in WT SPF but not in germfree mice. Mice carrying a specific deletion of IL-10 in T-cells exhibited a tendency towards an enhanced susceptibility to DSS. The lack of T-cell-derived IL-10 in combination with the lack of IL-4 increased the susceptibility to DSS colitis, as did the lack of IL-12 alone. Conclusions: IL-10 is a crucial factor inhibiting the innate proinflammatory immune response induced by DSS. Intestinal bacteria are necessary for the induction of protective IL-10, which is mainly T-cell-derived. T-cell-derived IL-10 can only mediate its protective effect in a Th1-dominated milieu. If the balance is shifted towards a Th2 response, IL-10 is not protective.