Unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparins, and pentasaccharide: Basic mechanism of actions, pharmacology, and clinical use

During the past decade, a large number of new anticoagulant and antithrombotic drugs have been developed. These agents represent a wide variety of substances that are derived using natural sources biotechnology-based methods, and synthetic approaches. Because of the structural and molecular characteristics, these agents exhibit physicochemical and functional diversities. Thus, each of these classes of drugs controls thrombogenesis by way of distinct mechanisms. The main classes of these new drugs include peptides, peptidomimetics, heparinomimetics, and recombinant proteins. Despite these significant developments, heparin and heparin-derived drugs have continued to play a major role in the management of thrombotic and cardiovascular disorders.