Reduced tumour progression and angiogenesis in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine mice treated with NS-398 is associated with down-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and decreased beta-catenin nuclear localisation

Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is a key molecular target of colon cancer prevention. However, the mechanisms by which COX-2 inhibitors confer protective effects against tumour development are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of NS-398 in the 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) mouse model with respect to alteration in the expression of COX-2 and E-cadherin-catenin complex. Alterations in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and vascular density were investigated. NS-398 showed reduced COX-2 immunoreactivity in adenomas with a decrease in vascular density in non-dysplastic mucosa. Adenomas revealed increased E-cadherin and beta-catenin reactivity. NS-398 reduced the percentages of tumour cells with nuclear localisation of beta-catenin and cyclin D1. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) index in adenomas was significantly higher in untreated animals. NS-398 resulted in significant increase in apoptosis in adenomas. Our results suggest a protective role of NS-398 on tumour development associated with reduced COX-2 expression, reduced vascular density and perturbation of beta-catenin signalling pathway.