High-strength apatitic cement by modification with α-hydroxy acid salts

High-strength hydroxyapatite orthopaedic cements have been prepared by the addition of sodium citrate to the liquid phase, which liquified the mixture enabling high-density, low-temperature ceramics to be fabricated (see Figure, a fracture surface). Wet compressive strengths well within the range for cortical bone are measured. Following compaction at low pressures the cements are still moldable. This offers the potential for limited load bearing and use with fixation or distraction devices.