Stem cells in bone diseases: current clinical practice

Introduction: Bone is an obvious candidate tissue for stem cell therapy. This review provides an update of existing stem cell-based clinical treatments for bone pathologies. Sources of data: A systematic computerized literature search was conducted. The following databases were accessed on 10 February 2011: NIH clinical trials database, PubMed, Ovid and Cochrane Reviews. Areas of agreement: Stem cell therapy offers new options for bone conditions, both acquired and inherited. Areas of controversy: There is still no agreement on the exact definition of 'mesenchymal stem cells'. Consequently, it is difficult to appreciate the effect of culture expansion and the feasibility of allogeneic transplantation. Growing points: Based on the sound foundations of pre-clinical research, stem cell-based treatments and protocols have recently emerged. Areas timely for developing research: Well-designed prospective clinical trials are needed in order to establish and develop stem cell therapy for bone diseases.