Cu(II) organizes β-2-microglobulin oligomers but is released upon amyloid formation

beta-2-Microglobulin (beta 2m) is deposited as amyloid fibrils in the bones and joints of patients undergoing long-term dialysis treatment as a result of kidney failure. Previous work has shown that biologically relevant amounts of Cu(II) can cause beta 2m to be converted to amyloid fibrils under physiological conditions in vitro. In this work, dynamic light scattering, mass spectrometry, and size-exclusion chromatography are used to characterize the role that Cu plays in the formation of oligomeric intermediates that precede fibril formation. Cu( II) is found to be necessary for the stability of the dimer and an initial form of the tetramer. The initially formed tetramer then undergoes a structural change to a state that no longer binds Cu( II) before progressing to a hexameric state. Based on these results, we propose that the lag phase associated with beta 2m fibril formation is partially accounted for by the structural transition of the tetramer that results in Cu( II) loss. Consistent with this observation is the determination that the mature beta 2m amyloid fibrils do not contain Cu. Thus, Cu( II) appears to play a catalytic role by enabling the organization of the necessary oligomeric intermediates that precede beta 2m amyloid formation.