Monovalent cation transport: Lack of structural deformation upon cation binding

Cations often deform the structure of regulatory proteins to affect a functional response, but for other protein functions a more passive effect is desired. For instance, it is shown here that in the conductance of Nai by the gramicidin channel there appears to be no significant structural deformation of either the side chains or backbone upon Na+ binding in the channel. This is based on N-15 and C-13 chemical shifts, H-2 quadrupolar interactions, and N-15-H-2 dipolar interactions obtained by solid-state NMR spectroscopy of uniformly aligned lipid bilayer preparations of the gramicidin channel in the presence and absence of Na+. This conclusion is despite some significant changes in the N-15 alpha and C-13(1) chemical shift values which are argued here to be the result of indirect polarization effects upon cation binding rather than reflections of structural and dynamic changes. The lack of structural deformation implies that Na+ moves to the carbonyl oxygens lining the pore of this channel for solvation rather than the carbonyl groups moving in toward the channel axis. This forces the cat-ions onto a helical path following the positions of the carbonyl oxygens around the channel pore. Furthermore, an ideal binding site geometry for Na+ in the channel is avoided. Instead, adequate binding energy is provided by the channel to compensate for the loss of hydration energy when the cations enter the channel. The avoidance of strong binding ensures that efficient transport of the cations through the channel can be realized.