Paradigms for parasite conservation

被引:95
作者
Dougherty, Eric R. [1 ]
Carlson, Colin J. [1 ]
Bueno, Veronica M. [2 ]
Burgio, Kevin R. [2 ]
Cizauskas, Carrie A. [3 ]
Clements, Christopher F. [4 ]
Seidel, Dana P. [1 ]
Harris, Nyeema C. [5 ]
机构
[1] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
[2] Univ Connecticut, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, 75 N Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
[3] Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
[4] Univ Zurich, Inst Evolutionary Biol & Environm Studies, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
[5] Univ Michigan, Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, 830 North Univ Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
关键词
disease ecology; economic valuation; ex situ conservation; food webs; parasitology; population viability analysis; analisis de viabilidad poblacional; conservacion ex situ; ecologia de las enfermedades; parasitologia; redes alimentarias; valoracion economica; DISEASE; HOST; POPULATION; EXTINCTION; CONSEQUENCES; BIODIVERSITY; MANIPULATION; ERADICATION; PREDATORS; DIVERSITY;
D O I
10.1111/cobi.12634
中图分类号
X176 [生物多样性保护];
学科分类号
083001 [环境科学];
摘要
Parasitic species, which depend directly on host species for their survival, represent a major regulatory force in ecosystems and a significant component of Earth's biodiversity. Yet the negative impacts of parasites observed at the host level have motivated a conservation paradigm of eradication, moving us farther from attainment of taxonomically unbiased conservation goals. Despite a growing body of literature highlighting the importance of parasite-inclusive conservation, most parasite species remain understudied, underfunded, and underappreciated. We argue the protection of parasitic biodiversity requires a paradigm shift in the perception and valuation of their role as consumer species, similar to that of apex predators in the mid-20th century. Beyond recognizing parasites as vital trophic regulators, existing tools available to conservation practitioners should explicitly account for the unique threats facing dependent species. We built upon concepts from epidemiology and economics (e.g., host-density threshold and cost-benefit analysis) to devise novel metrics of margin of error and minimum investment for parasite conservation. We define margin of error as the risk of accidental host extinction from misestimating equilibrium population sizes and predicted oscillations, while minimum investment represents the cost associated with conserving the additional hosts required to maintain viable parasite populations. This framework will aid in the identification of readily conserved parasites that present minimal health risks. To establish parasite conservation, we propose an extension of population viability analysis for host-parasite assemblages to assess extinction risk. In the direst cases, ex situ breeding programs for parasites should be evaluated to maximize success without undermining host protection. Though parasitic species pose a considerable conservation challenge, adaptations to conservation tools will help protect parasite biodiversity in the face of an uncertain environmental future. Resumen Las especies parasitas, aquellas que dependen directamente de las especies hospederas para sobrevivir, representan una gran fuerza regulatoria dentro de los ecosistemas y un componente significativo de la biodiversidad de la Tierra. Aun asi, los impactos negativos de los parasitos que se han observado a nivel del hospedero han motivado un paradigma de conservacion enfocado en la erradicacion, lo que nos aleja cada vez mas de alcanzar objetivos de conservacion sin sesgos taxonomicos. A pesar de la creciente bibliografia que resalta la importancia de la conservacion incluyente de los parasitos, la mayoria de este tipo de especies sigue siendo poco estudiada, mal financiada y poco valorada. Argumentamos que la proteccion de la diversidad parasitaria requiere de un cambio en el paradigma de la percepcion y valoracion de su papel como especies consumidoras, similar al de los depredadores primarios a mediados del siglo XX. Mas alla de reconocer a los parasitos como reguladores troficos vitales, las herramientas existentes disponibles para quienes practican la conservacion deberian reconocer explicitamente las amenazas unicas que enfrentan las especies dependientes. Partimos de conceptos de epidemiologia y economia (p. ej.: umbral de densidad de hospedero y analisis de costo-beneficio) para disenar medidas novedosas del margen de error y la inversion minima para la conservacion de parasitos. Definimos el margen de error como el riesgo de extincion accidental del hospedero a partir de una mala estimacion del tamano de poblaciones en equilibrio y de los pronosticos de oscilacion, mientras que la inversion minima representa el costo asociado a la conservacion de los hospederos adicionales requeridos para mantener viables a las poblaciones de parasitos. Este marco de trabajo ayudara en la identificacion de los parasitos conservados inmediatamente que presentan un riesgo sanitario minimo. Para establecer la conservacion de parasitos, proponemos una extension del analisis de viabilidad poblacional para los conjuntos de hospedero-parasito y asi evaluar el riesgo de extincion. En los casos mas urgentes, se deberian evaluar programas de crianza ex situ para maximizar el exito sin debilitar la proteccion al hospedero. Aunque las especies parasitas presentan un reto considerable para la conservacion, las adaptaciones de las herramientas de conservacion ayudaran a proteger la diversidad de parasitos de frente a un futuro ambiental incierto.
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收藏
页码:724 / 733
页数:10
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