Chemokine receptor (CXCR4) mRNA-expressing leukocytes are increased in human renal allograft rejection

Background. Mononuclear cell infiltration is a common feature of cell-mediated renal transplant rejection. Chemokines and their corresponding receptors likely play a central role in directing specific classes of leukocytes to graft sites during rejection. Localization of chemokine receptors may help us understand how specificity in leukocyte trafficking is achieved in renal inflammatory processes. The localization of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in human kidney and in renal transplant rejection is unknown. Methods. We generated a riboprobe specific for the detection of CXCR4 mRNA by in situ hybridization to evaluate cellular sites of synthesis of this receptor in native human kidneys (n=11) and in human allograft nephrectomies with features of severe rejection (n=14), Results. By in situ hybridization, CXCR4 mRNA expression is undetectable in intrinsic glomerular, tubular, and renovascular cells in native kidneys, When renal interstitial inflammation is present, CXCR4 mRNA expression is localized to a large fraction of infiltrating leukocytes. Large numbers of CXCR4-expressing cells are detected in cell-mediated renal allograft rejection. Double immunolabeling: for CD3 antigen identified a large fraction of infiltrating CXCR4 mRNA-expressing cells as T lymphocytes. CXCR4 mRNA-expressing cells were frequently seen in neointimal lesions of vascular rejection in allograft nei phrectomies. CXCR4 mRNA expression was identified in infiltrating neointimal T lymphocytes, but not smooth muscle cells by immunolabeling. Conclusions. We demonstrate the involvement of CXCR4 mRNA-expressing infiltrating cells in human renal interstitial and vascular allograft rejection. Signaling via the CXCR4 receptor may be one mechanism by which chemokines mediate leukocyte trafficking in renal allograft rejection.