Honey and royal jelly, like human milk, abrogate lectin-dependent infection-preceding Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion

Pseudomonas aeruginosa antibiotic resistance has led to the search of natural compounds, which would competitively block its fucose > fructose/mannose-binding lectin ( PA-IIL) that mediates its biofilm formation and adhesion to animal cells. Such compounds were found in human milk ( HM) and avian egg whites. The present research has revealed that honey and royal jelly ( RJ), which are assigned to protect beehive progeny and are applied for human infection therapy, match HM in PA-IIL blocking. The function of their fructose ( higher in honey) and mannosylated glycoproteins ( higher in RJ) as powerful decoys in PA-IIL neutralization is of ecological/biological importance and implementability for the antibacterial adhesion therapeutic strategy.