Fixed-time adjustable dose site-specific fertilizer nitrogen management in transplanted irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) in South Asia

In the quest of enhancing nitrogen (N) use efficiency in irrigated transplanted rice beyond that observed with blanket recommendation, leaf colour chart (LCC) is being used to apply N whenever colour of the first fully opened leaf from the top is less green than a critical colour shade. So as to avoid frequent (every 7-10 days) monitoring of leaf colour, criteria were developed to apply fertilizer N at critical growth stages of rice but by adjusting the dose of N as per colour of the leaf measured with LCC. A series of experiments were carried out at Ludhiana and Gurdaspur locations from 2007 to 2010 with treatments refined progressively to work out appropriate combination of fixed and adjustable rates of fertilizer N at critical stages of transplanted rice. A dose of 30 kg N ha(-1) at transplanting as prescriptive N management proved to be adequate for achieving high yields of rice. Corrective N management consisting of adjustable N doses was worked out as application of 45,30 or 0 kg N ha(-1) depending upon leaf colour to be <LCC shade 4, between LCC shade 4 and 5 or >= LCC shade 5 both at maximum tillering and panicle initiation stages, and 30 kg N ha(-1) only if leaf colour is less green than LCC shade 4 at initiation of flowering. A combination of these prescriptive and corrective N management strategies resulted in optimum rice grain yield and high N use efficiency with less fertilizer N application than the blanket recommendation. For some rice cultivars, particularly in years with favorable climate, fixed date adjustable dose N management produced yield levels higher than those achieved by applying blanket recommendation for fertilizer N and resulted in agronomic efficiency higher than 25 kg grain/kg N. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.