The nature of X-ray spectral variability in Seyfert galaxies

We use a model-independent technique to investigate the nature of the 2-15 keV X-ray spectral variability in four Seyfert galaxies and distinguish between spectral pivoting and the two-component model for spectral variability. Our analysis reveals conclusively that the softening of the X-ray continuum with increasing flux in MCG-6-30-15 and NGC 3516 is a result of summing two spectral components: a soft varying component (SVC) with spectral shape independent of flux and a hard constant component (HCC). In contrast, the spectral variability in NGC 4051 can be well described by simple pivoting of one component, together with an additional hard constant component. The spectral variability model for NGC 5506 is ambiguous, due to the smaller range of fluxes sampled by the data. We investigate the shape of the hard spectral component in MCG-6-30-15 and find that it appears similar to a pure reflection spectrum, but requires a large reflected fraction (R > 3). We briefly discuss physical interpretations of the different modes of spectral variability.