Covariation of thermal biology and foraging mode in two Mediterranean lacertid lizards

Body temperatures, heat exchange rates, behavioral thermoregulation, and movement behavior (as an index of foraging mode) were studied in two widely distributed, medium-sized lacertid lizards (Acanthodactylus erythrurus and Psammodromus algirus). P. algirus mainly inhabits broad-leaved forests, whereas A. erythrurus prefers open, sandy areas with sparsely distributed vegetation. These habitat preferences parallel differences between the areas in which both genera presumably originated: Eurosaharian xeric steppes with high operative temperatures (T-e) for Acanthodactylus, and Mediterranean open forests with lower T-e for Psammodromus. Field observations showed that percentage of time spent basking and basking rate (number of basks per minute) were negatively related to T-e, although average bask duration was not. Percentage of time spent moving, moving rate (number of moves per minute), and the average duration of individual moves were inversely related to T-e and were higher in P. algirus. The percentage of total locomotion time that was spent moving in the shade was also higher in P. algirus. Behavioral thermoregulation strategies differed in a laboratory thermogradient, where P. algirus basked more often and for shorter periods and selected warmer patches than did A. erythrurus. Selected body temperatures (T-b) in a laboratory thermogradient were significantly higher in A. erythrurus than in P. algirus. Shade Seeking T-b was higher in A. erythrurus, but Resume Basking T-b did not differ significantly between the two species. Heating and cooling rates also differed in the two species: A. erythrurus warmed more slowly and cooled faster than did P. algirus. Our data support the existence of a complex syndrome that combines aspects of the behavior, physiology, and ecology of both species. The thermal consequences of inhabiting a certain type of habitat can be counterbalanced by behavioral and physiological means that, in turn, affect movement and, hence, foraging behavior. Thus, the more active species (P. algirus) heated faster, cooled more slowly, and basked more often but for shorter periods and at warmer patches than the less active species (A. erythrurus).