Fertility preservation and minimizing reproductive damage in cancer survivors

Recent advances in oncology have helped in the survival and cure of increasing numbers of childhood cancer patients and those during their reproductive age period. This has increased the need to improve existing technology, and prompted the search for new technologies, to minimize the gonadotoxic effects of cancer treatment and preserve human fertility. Conservative surgical approaches for cancer treatment have been widely accepted following progress in early detection of cancer and accumulating long-term outcome safety data. Gonadal suppression to increase resistance to cancer treatment by gonadotropin analogues and sex hormones has been suggested. However, while this is unlikely to be effective in males, there is no general consensus on its success in the female. Fertility preservation options for both male and female patients include cryopreservation of embryos, gametes and gonads. While embryo cryopreservation is a well-established and successful technique, there are several obvious limitations. Gamete cryopreservation is very successful in males (sperm freezing) while still experimental in females (oocyte freezing), with growing evidence suggesting its potential success. Gonadal cryopreservation is still in its early stages of experimental development, both in males (testicular tissue cryopreservation and in vitro spermatogenesis) and female (ovarian tissue cryopreservation and in vitro follicular maturation).