Highly diastereoselective hydrogenations leading to β-hydroxy δ-lactones in hydroxy-protected form.: A modified view of δ-lactone conformations

Enol MEM ethers 4 and 15 and the corresponding enol acetates were hydrogenated over Pd/C with very high (>99%) diastereoselectivity to saturated delta-lactones. A stereochemical generalization can be formulated thus: trans-5,6-disubstituted 1-oxa-3-cyclohexen-2-ones (e.g. 14 and 15) are hydrogenated over Pd with high selectivity from the side trans to the C(6)-substituent. A mechanistic rationalization of the stereochemical outcome in the Pd-catalyzed hydrogenation of this, as well as other types of substituted alpha,beta-unsaturated delta-lactones is presented. An analysis of X-ray crystallographic data for 67 compounds demonstrated a great conformational diversity of the saturated delta-lactone ring. Besides, ab initio calculations (HF/6-31G*) indicated a very high conformational mobility. Thus, the lowest calculated transition state for the conversion of the half-chair, most stable, conformer of delta-valerolactone to the boat-type conformer lies only 1.93 kcal/mol above the former. Beside these two conformers, also chair, envelope and skew conformations are accessible; all lie less than 2 kcal/mol above the half-chair. The previous conformational paradigm comprising only boat and half-chair types is incomplete.