The use of supercritical fluids in synthetic organic chemistry

Supercritical carbon dioxide is rapidly emerging as a versatile medium for carrying out a diverse range of synthetic reactions. The fundamental differences between supercritical fluids and conventional solvents open up many different avenues for potential exploitation, which can only lead to increased interest in using scCO2. To exploit its potential to the full, we must also understand the fundamental principles behind the effects we are observing. To do this requires true interdisciplinary research involving academic synthetic chemists and industrial process chemists, physical chemists, and chemical engineers, all of whom have an important role to play. Although scCO2 requires relatively high pressures, we are already seeing applications in consumer areas such as natural product extraction (decaffeination), polymer synthesis and dry cleaning, and the establishment of this technology will undoubtedly lead to further applications. Whilst there are limitations to using supercritical fluids for synthesis, there is no doubt that they are a fascinating medium for carrying out synthetic organic chemistry, and we are only just beginning to see the real potential and benefits they offer in addition to environmental aspects. Just how important it becomes remains to be seen, but we hope this article will stimulate further interest in this area.