AF12198, a novel low molecular weight antagonist, selectively binds the human type I interleukin (IL)-1 receptor and blocks in vivo responses to IL-1

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) -alpha and -beta are potent regulators of inflammatory responses, The naturally occurring interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) is effective in vitro and in vivo in modulating biological responses to IL-1, We have previously reported the discovery of IL-1 antagonist peptides from the search of phage display libraries, Further characterization of this group of peptides has led to a 15-mer, AF12198, Ac-FEWTPGWYQJYALPL-NH2 (J represents the unnatural amino acid, 2-azetidine-1-carboxylic acid), with both in vitro and in vivo IL-1 antagonist activity, AF12198 selectively binds the human type I IL-1 receptor but not the human type II receptor or the murine type I receptor, In vitro, AF12198 inhibits IL-1-induced IL-8 production by human dermal fibroblasts with a half-maximal inhibition concentration or IC50 of 25 nM and IL-1-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression by endothelial cells with an IC50 of 9 nM. When given as an intravenous infusion to cynomolgus monkeys, AF12198 blocks ex vitro IL-1 induction of IL-6 and down modulates in vivo induction of IL-6. This is the first small molecule to show IL-1 receptor antagonist activity in vivo.