The volitional and strategic effects of planning on task performance and goal commitment

This study integrates action-control theory and goal-setting theory research on planning by examining whether the volitional (e.g., implementation intention and implemental mind-set) and intellectual (e.g., strategic) benefits of planning have independent and interactive effects on performance and goal commitment. Results show that individuals who formed implementation intentions performed better than individuals who did not form implementation intentions, even after controlling for strategy variables. In addition, the volitional and strategy variables interacted to predict performance, suggesting that the volitional benefits of planning depend, in part, on strategy quality. Although the implemental mind-set and implementation intention manipulations did not influence goal commitment, strategy quality was positively related to goal commitment.