Acute Bronchodilator Responsiveness in Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Background: The obstructive abnormality of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is deemed to be virtually insensitive to treatment with inhaled bronchodilators. We studied whether nonconventional assessment of bronchodilation may help to detect physiologically meaningful airway responses missed by traditional criteria. Methods: Standard spirometry, partial and maximal expiratory flow-volume curves, and lung volumes were measured before and 90 min after inhalation of albuterol plus tiotropium in 17 patients who developed mild to very severe BOS following HSCT. Results: After treatment with bronchodilators, the standard criteria of reversibility based on FEV1 and FVC were met in seven out of 17 patients. In eight patients, residual volume (RV) decreased beyond its within-session spontaneous variability, and functional residual capacity (FRC) was reduced in four of them. Partial forced expiratory flow ((V) over dotpart) increased beyond its within-session spontaneous variability in nine patients. Out of 10 patients in whom neither FEV1 nor FVC met the standard criteria of reversibility, six had a positive increase in (V) over dotpart or a decrease of lung hyperinflation (ie, FRC) or RV. In six patients with limited expiratoly flow during tidal breathing, the postbronchodilator increase in (V)over dotpart was correlated with a decrease in FRC (R-2 = 0.83; P = .011). Conclusions: This study suggests that airway smooth muscle tone plays a significant role in BOS after HSCT and that the common knowledge of BOS as an irreversible obstructive disease may stem from the limitation of simple spirometry to detect changes in small airways. Trial registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT01112241 (BOS-01); URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov CHEST 2011; 139(3):633-639