Interactions among environmental stress, body condition, nutritional status, and dominance in great tits

We studied body condition and feather growth rate in Great Tits (Parus major) in relation to dominance in two localities during late autumn and early winter. The two localities differed in elevation, ambient temperature, and arthropod availability. We supplemented the two study areas with food (husked peanuts) throughout the study period. The percentage of time tits spent at feeders was higher at El Ventorrillo (the locality that was colder and had lower natural food availability) and was associated with dominance only at this locality. The number of aggressive displacements per hour experienced by each individual was 150 times higher in the area with lower arthropod availability and lower temperatures. Protein reserves (measured as pectoralis muscle thickness) were higher at El Ventorrillo and were positively and consistently related to dominance at both localities. Growth rate of induced feathers was slower at Fl Ventorrillo but was not directly related to dominance in either locality. Only dominant adult males at El Ventorrillo compensated for the environmental harshness at this locality by attaining a higher feather growth rate than the other sex/age classes. Feather-mass asymmetry of induced feathers during autumn was not associated with body condition, did not change between localities, and was inversely and consistently related to dominance at both localities. The covariation among variables describing bird size, access to supplemental food, body condition, feather growth rate, and asymmetry was different at the two localities. Larger, dominant Great Tits spent more time foraging at feeders, had a thicker pectoralis muscle (i.e. body condition), and grew induced feathers at a higher rate only at the locality with colder temperatures and lower food availability.