Pulmonary embolism in the elderly

The incidence of pulmonary embolism increases with age, as do the rates of morbidity and mortality associated with this diagnosis. Clinical manifestations are frequently nonspecific and often are attributed to underlying cardiopulmonary conditions or age itself. Treatment with anticoagulation reduces the risk for death but is associated with an increased risk for bleeding in the elderly population. Pulmonary embolism is, therefore, a challenging problem in older patients. This article reviews the diagnosis and management of pulmonary embolism in the elderly, including pathophysiology of venous thromboembolism, signs and symptoms of thromboembolic disease, diagnostic modalities, prophylactic regimens, and treatment options.