A careful examination of the adsorption step in the alternate layer-by-layer assembly of linear polyanion and polycation

In order to elaborate alternate layer-by-layer assembly as a means to prepare ultrathin films, details of conventional polyion assemblies have been quantitatively analyzed by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique with the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The alternate adsorption of poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and poly(allylamine) (PAM) onto oppositely-charged surfaces displayed the pseudo first-order kinetics and was saturated within 10-20 min at pH 3 and 22 degrees C. It was revealed that drying at every step increased the thickness of adsorbed films due to enhanced surface roughness of the films. Therefore, frequent drying is not profitable for preparing films in a good quality. Non-contact AFM observation revealed that drying of the film with nitrogen stream, forced polymer chains to align to one direction with increasing surface roughness. In contrast, water washing between the consecutive adsorptions was effective for successful alternate adsorption. About 10% of an adsorbed polyion layer was removed by 5-min water washing probably due to removal of the loosely-attached materials. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.