The psychological mechanisms by which antidepressant drugs act to improve mood remain underspecified. In this paper we consider the evidence to suggest that early changes in emotional processing underlie subsequent mood improvement following antidepressant treatment. Negative biases in information processing are consistently found in depression, and we argue that primary mode of action of antidepressant drugs may be to remediate these biases providing a more positive social environment in which the patient can relearn emotional associations fostering later improvement in mood. Evidence from behavioural and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies supports this hypothesis. Experimental medicine models developed under this premise have the potential to screen for new treatments, to predict individual treatment response and to consider the effects of pharmacological vs psychological treatments. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, Lab Biol Dynam & Theoret Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USAUniv Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, Lab Biol Dynam & Theoret Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Arce, Estibaliz
;
Simmons, Alan N.
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Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, Lab Biol Dynam & Theoret Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USAUniv Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, Lab Biol Dynam & Theoret Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Simmons, Alan N.
;
Lovero, Kathryn L.
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Psychiat Serv San Diego, Vet Affairs Med Ctr, San Diego, CA USAUniv Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, Lab Biol Dynam & Theoret Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Lovero, Kathryn L.
;
Stein, Murray B.
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Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, Lab Biol Dynam & Theoret Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Psychiat Serv San Diego, Vet Affairs Med Ctr, San Diego, CA USAUniv Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, Lab Biol Dynam & Theoret Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Stein, Murray B.
;
Paulus, Martin P.
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Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, Lab Biol Dynam & Theoret Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Psychiat Serv San Diego, Vet Affairs Med Ctr, San Diego, CA USAUniv Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, Lab Biol Dynam & Theoret Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
机构:
Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Psiquiatria, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Cardoso de Almeida, J. R.
;
Phillips, M. L.
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Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USAUniv Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Phillips, M. L.
;
Cerqueira, C. T.
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Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Psiquiatria, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Cerqueira, C. T.
;
Zilberman, M.
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Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Psiquiatria, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Zilberman, M.
;
Lobo, D.
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Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Psiquiatria, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Lobo, D.
;
Henna, E.
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Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Psiquiatria, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Henna, E.
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Tavares, H.
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Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Psiquiatria, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Tavares, H.
;
Amaro, E.
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Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Radiol, NIF LIM44, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Amaro, E.
;
Gorenstein, C.
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FMUSP, Hosp Clin, Lab Invest Med 23, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Ciencias Biomed, Dept Farmacol, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Gorenstein, C.
;
Gentil, V.
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Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Psiquiatria, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil
FMUSP, Hosp Clin, Lab Invest Med 23, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Gentil, V.
;
Busatto, G. F.
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Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Psiquiatria, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, Lab Biol Dynam & Theoret Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USAUniv Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, Lab Biol Dynam & Theoret Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Arce, Estibaliz
;
Simmons, Alan N.
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机构:
Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, Lab Biol Dynam & Theoret Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USAUniv Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, Lab Biol Dynam & Theoret Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Simmons, Alan N.
;
Lovero, Kathryn L.
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h-index: 0
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Psychiat Serv San Diego, Vet Affairs Med Ctr, San Diego, CA USAUniv Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, Lab Biol Dynam & Theoret Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Lovero, Kathryn L.
;
Stein, Murray B.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, Lab Biol Dynam & Theoret Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Psychiat Serv San Diego, Vet Affairs Med Ctr, San Diego, CA USAUniv Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, Lab Biol Dynam & Theoret Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Stein, Murray B.
;
Paulus, Martin P.
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机构:
Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, Lab Biol Dynam & Theoret Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Psychiat Serv San Diego, Vet Affairs Med Ctr, San Diego, CA USAUniv Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, Lab Biol Dynam & Theoret Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
机构:
Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Psiquiatria, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Cardoso de Almeida, J. R.
;
Phillips, M. L.
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Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USAUniv Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Phillips, M. L.
;
Cerqueira, C. T.
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Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Psiquiatria, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Cerqueira, C. T.
;
Zilberman, M.
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Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Psiquiatria, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Zilberman, M.
;
Lobo, D.
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Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Psiquiatria, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Lobo, D.
;
Henna, E.
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Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Psiquiatria, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Henna, E.
;
Tavares, H.
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Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Psiquiatria, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Tavares, H.
;
Amaro, E.
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Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Radiol, NIF LIM44, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Amaro, E.
;
Gorenstein, C.
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FMUSP, Hosp Clin, Lab Invest Med 23, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Ciencias Biomed, Dept Farmacol, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Gorenstein, C.
;
Gentil, V.
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Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Psiquiatria, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil
FMUSP, Hosp Clin, Lab Invest Med 23, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Gentil, V.
;
Busatto, G. F.
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Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Psiquiatria, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA USA