Histone deacetylases are dysregulated in rheumatoid arthritis and a novel histone deacetylase 3-selective inhibitor reduces interleukin-6 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients

Objective To characterize the role of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to evaluate the effects of MI192, a novel HDAC-3selective inhibitor, compared with the established nonselective HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA), on proinflammatory cytokine production. Methods. Activity of HDAC and histone acetyltransferase was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from RA patients by spectrophotometric assay, prior to and after 12 weeks of etanercept therapy. The effects of HDAC inhibitor treatment on cytokine production in both RA and healthy PBMCs were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. RA PBMCs exhibited significantly increased HDAC activity (P = 0.007) compared to PBMCs from healthy individuals, and the increase was unaltered after 12 weeks of etanercept therapy. TSA was a potent inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in both RA and healthy PBMCs and of interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) production in healthy PBMCs; IFN gamma was not produced by RA PBMCs. MI192 inhibited TNF production at high concentrations and dose-dependently inhibited IL-6 in RA PBMCs but not healthy PBMCs, across a dose range of 10 mu M-5 nM. Conclusion. HDAC activity is dysregulated in RA PBMCs and is a potential target for therapeutic intervention, as it is not affected by conventional anti-TNF treatment with etanercept. Both the selective and the nonselective HDAC inhibitors (MI192 and TSA, respectively) were found to regulate cytokine production from PBMCs, but their effects were cell type and compound specific. HDAC inhibitors have potential in the treatment of RA, and HDAC-selective inhibition may improve the therapeutic margin of safety; however, further clinical characterization and evaluation for adverse effects is needed.