Structure-function relationship of T-2 toxin and its metabolites in inducing thymic apoptosis in vivo in mice

Recently we found that a single administration of T-2 toxin (T-2), a trichothecene mycotoxin, into mice induced DNA fragmentation, a biochemical hallmark of apoptosis, in the thymus.(1)) In this study, we investigated the effective chemical structure(s) of T-2-derived metabolites capable of inducing thymic apoptosis in vivo in mice. Metabolic conversion of T-2 to 3'-hydroxy-T-2 toxin (3'-OH-T-2) (Fig. 1) did not diminish the apoptosis-inducing activity, since essentially the same level of fragmented DNA was detected in the thymus taken from mice injected with either T-2 or 3'-OH-T-2. In contrast, hydrolysis of T-2 and 3'-OH-T-2 at the carbon-4 (C-4) position to HT-2 toxin (HT-2) and 3'-hydroxy-HT-2 toxin (3'-OH-HT-2), respectively, greatly decreased the level of DNA fragmentation. Similarly, hydrolysis of T-2 at the carbon-8 (C-8) position to neosolaniol strongly diminished its ability to induce DNA fragmentation. T-2 tetraol, having no ester groups, was unable to induce apoptosis. Based on the data presented in this study, we concluded that both the acetyl group at the C-4 position and the isovaleryl or 3'-hydroxyisovaleryl group at the C-8 position of the T-2 molecule are important for inducing cell death through apoptosis in the thymus.