Calcium Plasma Implanted Titanium Surface with Hierarchical Microstructure for Improving the Bone Formation

Introducing hierarchical microstructure and bioactive trace elements simultaneously onto the surface of titanium implant is a very effective way to improve the osseointegration between bone and implant. In this work, hierarchical topography was prepared on Ti surface via acid etching and sandblasting (SLA) to form micropits and microcavities then underwent Ca plasma immersion ion implantation (Ca-PIII) process. The surface wettability and roughness did not change obviously before and after Ca-PIII process. The in vitro evaluations including cell adhesion, activity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteogenic genes (Runx2, OSX, ALP, BSP, Col1a1, OPN, and OC), and protein (BSP, Collal, OPN, and OC) expressions revealed that the introduction of Ca ions onto the surface of SLA-treated Ti can promote greater osteoblasts adhesion, spread and proliferation, which in return further accelerated the maturation and mineralization of osteoblasts. More importantly, in vivo evaluations including Micro-CT evaluation, histological observations, push-out test, sequential fluorescent labeling and histological observations verified that Ca-SLA-treated Ti implants could efficiently promote new bone formation in early times. These promising results suggest that Ca-SLA-treated Ti has the potential for future application in orthopedic field.