A review of factors affecting the population dynamics of jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman)

Jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus Free.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a native insect that periodically defoliates areas of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in the subboreal forests of North America east of the Rocky Mountains. Outbreaks of jack pine budworm generally occur at 6- to 12-year intervals and collapse after 2-4 years. Periodicity of outbreaks varies and is associated with site-related factors. Survival of early-instar larvae during spring dispersal is tied to the abundance of pollen cones (microsporangiate strobili), which provide a refuge for larvae until current-year needles expand. Jack pine trees that have been heavily defoliated produce few pollen cones in the following year, often resulting in high mortality of early-stage larvae. A diverse guild of generalist parasitoids attack jack pine budworm, but only a few species account for most mortality in any area. Collapsing jack pine budworm populations are characterized by sharp declines in early instar survival, coupled with an increased rate of parasitism in the late larval and pupal stages. The reciprocal interaction between heavy defoliation and low pollen cone production, and increased parasitism of late-stage larvae or pupae. are consistent with second-order density dependence factors identified in analysis of a long-term population data set. Since the 1950s, several jack pine budworm outbreaks have been roughly synchronous over a large geographic areal suggesting that Moran effect processes, as well as moth dispersal or other factors, may be involved in jack pine budworm dynamics. Although the short duration of outbreaks enables most trees to recover, over time dead trees and top-killed trees accumulate in jack pine stands. Jack pine is well adapted to fire and when fires ignite, the accumulation of dead trees and woody debris often leads to intense wildfires followed by prolific regeneration. The three-way interaction of jack pine, jack pine budworm. and fire ultimately serves to maintain vigorous stands and ensures continued hosts for jack pine budworm.