Correlations Do Not Show Cause and Effect: Not Even for Changes in Muscle Size and Strength

被引:32
作者
Dankel, Scott J. [1 ]
Buckner, Samuel L. [1 ]
Jessee, Matthew B. [1 ]
Mouser, J. Grant [1 ]
Mattocks, Kevin T. [1 ]
Abe, Takashi [1 ]
Loenneke, Jeremy P. [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Mississippi, Kevser Ermin Appl Physiol Lab, Dept Hlth Exercise Sci & Recreat Management, POB 1848, University, MS 38677 USA
关键词
TIME-COURSE; HYPERTROPHY; ADAPTATIONS; GAINS; LOAD;
D O I
10.1007/s40279-017-0774-3
中图分类号
G8 [体育];
学科分类号
040301 [体育人文社会学];
摘要
It is well known that resistance exercise results in increased muscle strength, but the cause of the improvement is not well understood. It is generally thought that initial increases in strength are caused by neurological factors, before being predominantly driven by increases in muscle size. Despite this hypothesis, there is currently no direct evidence that training-induced increases in muscle size contribute to training-induced increases in muscle strength. The evidence used to support this hypothesis is exclusively correlational analyses and these are often an afterthought using data collected to answer a different question of interest. Not only do these studies not infer causality, but they have inherent limitations associated with measurement error and limited inter-individual variability. To answer the question as to whether training-induced increases in muscle size lead to training-induced increases in strength requires a study designed to produce differential effects on muscle size based on group membership (i.e., one group increases muscle size and one does not) and observe how this impacts muscle strength. We have performed studies in our laboratory in which muscle strength increases similarly independent of whether muscle growth is or is not present, illustrating that the increases in muscle strength are not likely driven by increases in muscle size. The hypothesis that training-induced increases in muscle size contribute to training-induced increases in muscle strength requires more appropriately designed studies, and until such studies are completed, this statement should not be made as there are no data to support this hypothesis.
引用
收藏
页码:1 / 6
页数:6
相关论文
共 25 条
[1]
Time course for strength and muscle thickness changes following upper and lower body resistance training in men and women [J].
Abe, T ;
DeHoyos, DV ;
Pollock, ML ;
Garzarella, L .
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY, 2000, 81 (03) :174-180
[2]
Heterogeneity in resistance training-induced muscle strength and mass responses in men and women of different ages [J].
Ahtiainen, Juha P. ;
Walker, Simon ;
Peltonen, Heikki ;
Holviala, Jarkko ;
Sillanpaa, Elina ;
Karavirta, Laura ;
Sallinen, Janne ;
Mikkola, Jussi ;
Valkeinen, Heli ;
Mero, Antti ;
Hulmi, Juha J. ;
Hakkinen, Keijo .
AGE, 2016, 38 (01) :1-13
[3]
[Anonymous], GROUP GROUP CORRELAT
[4]
True and false interindividual differences in the physiological response to an intervention [J].
Atkinson, Greg ;
Batterham, Alan M. .
EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY, 2015, 100 (06) :577-588
[5]
Changes in agonist neural drive, hypertrophy and pretraining strength all contribute to the individual strength gains after resistance training [J].
Balshaw, Thomas G. ;
Massey, Garry J. ;
Maden-Wilkinson, Thomas M. ;
Morales-Artacho, Antonio J. ;
McKeown, Alexandra ;
Appleby, Clare L. ;
Folland, Jonathan P. .
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY, 2017, 117 (04) :631-640
[6]
Training-specific functional, neural, and hypertrophic adaptations to explosive- vs. sustained-contraction strength training [J].
Balshaw, Thomas G. ;
Massey, Garry J. ;
Maden-Wilkinson, Thomas M. ;
Tillin, Neale A. ;
Folland, Jonathan P. .
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY, 2016, 120 (11) :1364-1373
[7]
STATISTICS NOTES .12. CALCULATING CORRELATION-COEFFICIENTS WITH REPEATED OBSERVATIONS .1. CORRELATION WITHIN-SUBJECTS [J].
BLAND, JM ;
ALTMAN, DG .
BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, 1995, 310 (6977) :446-446
[8]
The acute and chronic effects of "NO LOAD" resistance training [J].
Counts, Brittany R. ;
Buckner, Samuel L. ;
Dankel, Scott J. ;
Jessee, Matthew B. ;
Mattocks, Kevin T. ;
Mouser, J. Grant ;
Laurentino, Gilberto C. ;
Loenneke, Jeremy P. .
PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR, 2016, 164 :345-352
[9]
MUSCLE ADAPTATIONS FOLLOWING 21 CONSECUTIVE DAYS OF STRENGTH TEST FAMILIARIZATION COMPARED WITH TRADITIONAL TRAINING [J].
Dankel, Scott J. ;
Counts, Brittany R. ;
Barnett, Brian E. ;
Buckner, Samuel L. ;
Abe, Takashi ;
Loenneke, Jeremy P. .
MUSCLE & NERVE, 2017, 56 (02) :307-314
[10]
Adaptations in rat skeletal muscle following long-term resistance exercise training [J].
Duncan, ND ;
Williams, DA ;
Lynch, GS .
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY, 1998, 77 (04) :372-378