Energy balance of human locomotion in water

被引:60
作者
Pendergast, D
Zamparo, P
di Prampero, PE
Capelli, C
Cerretelli, P
Termin, A
Craig, A
Bushnell, D
Paschke, D
Mollendorf, J
机构
[1] Univ Udine, Dipartimento Sci & Tecnol Biomed & Micrograv Agei, Ctr Excellence, I-33100 Udine, Italy
[2] SUNY Buffalo, Dept Physiol, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
[3] SUNY Buffalo, Dept Mech & Aerosp Med, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
[4] Univ Milan, Dipartimento Sci & Tecnol Biomed, I-20090 Segrate, MI, Italy
[5] Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Dept Physiol, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
关键词
economy; efficiency; kayaking; rowing; swimming;
D O I
10.1007/s00421-003-0919-y
中图分类号
Q4 [生理学];
学科分类号
071003 [生理学];
摘要
In this paper a complete energy balance for water locomotion is attempted with the aim of comparing different modes of transport in the aquatic environment (swimming underwater with SCUBA diving equipment, swimming at the surface: leg kicking and front crawl, kayaking and rowing). On the basis of the values of metabolic power (E), of the power needed to overcome water resistance (W-d) and of propelling efficiency (eta(P)=W-d/W-tot, where W-tot is the total mechanical power) as reported in the literature for each of these forms of locomotion, the energy cost per unit distance (C=E/v, where v is the velocity), the drag (performance) efficiency (eta(d)=W-d/E) and the overall efficiency (eta(o)=W-tot/E=eta(d)/eta(P)) were calculated. As previously found for human locomotion on land, for a given metabolic power (e.g. 0.5 kW=1.43 l.min(-1) VO2) the decrease in C (from 0.88 kJ.m(-1) in SCUBA diving to 0.22 kJ.m(-1) in rowing) is associated with an increase in the speed of locomotion (from 0.6 m.s(-1) in SCUBA diving to 2.4 m.s(-1) in rowing). At variance with locomotion on land, however, the decrease in C is associated with an increase, rather than a decrease, of the total mechanical work per unit distance (W-tot, kJ.m(-1)). This is made possible by the increase of the overall efficiency of locomotion (eta(o)=W-tot/E=W-tot/C) from the slow speeds (and loads) of swimming to the high speeds (and loads) attainable with hulls and boats (from 0.10 in SCUBA diving to 0.29 in rowing).
引用
收藏
页码:377 / 386
页数:10
相关论文
共 36 条
[1]
ABBOTT AV, 1995, HUMAN POWERED VEHICL, P49
[2]
Alexander, 1983, ANIMAL MECH, P183
[3]
Alexander R.M., 2003, PRINCIPLES ANIMAL LO, P249
[4]
Technique and energy losses in front crawl swimming [J].
Berger, MAM ;
Hollander, AP ;
DeGroot, G .
MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE, 1997, 29 (11) :1491-1498
[5]
Energetics of swimming at maximal speeds in humans [J].
Capelli, C ;
Prendergast, DR ;
Termin, B .
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY, 1998, 78 (05) :385-393
[6]
BIOENERGETICS AND BIOMECHANICS OF FRONT CRAWL SWIMMING [J].
CAPELLI, C ;
ZAMPARO, P ;
CIGALOTTO, A ;
FRANCESCATO, MP ;
SOULE, RG ;
TERMIN, B ;
PENDERGAST, DR ;
DIPRAMPERO, PE .
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY, 1995, 78 (02) :674-679
[7]
ENERGY-COST AND EFFICIENCY OF SCULLING A VENETIAN GONDOLA [J].
CAPELLI, C ;
DONATELLI, C ;
MOIA, C ;
VALIER, C ;
ROSA, G ;
DIPRAMPERO, PE .
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY, 1990, 60 (03) :175-178
[8]
MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ROWING [J].
CELENTANO, F ;
CORTILL, G ;
DIPRAMPE.PE ;
CERRETELLI, P .
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY, 1974, 36 (06) :642-647
[9]
CRAIG AB, 1979, MED SCI SPORT EXER, V11, P278
[10]
DALMONTE A, 1989, BIOMECHANICS SPORT, P53