Structural origins of the differing grain conductivity values in BaZr0.9Y0.1O2.95 and indication of novel approach to counter defect association

Proton conducting oxides such as BaCe(0.9)Y(0.1)O(3-delta) have considerable promise for intermediate temperature fuel cells. Unfortunately these tend to be unstable, e. g. to attack by carbonation. Previous work has highlighted the possibility of utilising barium zirconate to provide a chemically stable electrolyte; however such materials are difficult to sinter yielding very high overall resistances. Whilst this sintering problem is soluble, there are still very significant questions about the intrinsic grain conductivity, which varies by orders of magnitude for different reports. Here we demonstrate that there are two variants of BaZr(0.9)Y(0.1)O(2.95), both with the cubic perovskite structure. The a-form exhibits a slightly smaller unit cell and much lower protonic conductivity than the beta-form. The alpha-form is observed in better equilibrated samples and neutron diffraction demonstrates that this difference originates in a small degree of cross substitution of the Y atom onto the A-sites for the beta-form, suggesting a novel approach to enhance ionic conductivity by reducing defect association through A-site substitution.