A technique for real-time synchronous integration of radar and raingauge measurements based on the concept of the quasi same-rain-volume sampling (QSVS) is presented. Because of the temporal and spatial discrepancies and resolution differences, the integration of radar measurements with raingauge observations has long been a difficult task. Observations indicate that there exists a correlation that conforms to the power law between hourly accumulated raingauge measurement (Q(G)) and detected radar echo (Z(OH)) over the raingauge. On the basis of this, a concept of the QSVS and five direct correspondent formulas of radar and raingauge samples are built up, aiming to eliminate the temporal and spatial discrepancies. A convenient and practical sampling method-the time integral vertical synchronous sampling (TIVS) is proposed and the Z(OH) - Q(G) relationship is studied. It is significant that under the fixed exponent, the coefficient AB or Am varies flexibly in accordance with the temporal and spatial variability of natural precipitation, having the function of synchronously integrating the Z - R conversion and the gauge adjustment into a single equation, and thus the precipitation estimation errors caused by detecting resolution differences between radar and raingauge can be obviously mitigated. The real-time synchronous integration technique using the Z(OH) - Q(G) relationship to estimate the ground hourly rainfall accumulation is called the radar-gauge synchronous integration method (RASIM). The experiments of two cases show that the accuracy of estimated surface hourly rainfall accumulation within 230 km is about 90%, and the average relative error for the point estimation over the whole process is about 20%. Through the detailed analysis of the applicability of TIVS in three environmental fields with various wind drifts, the physical essence of TIVS is explored: it is an approximate QSVS. By analyzing the data pairs of radar and raingauge, an effective quality-control procedure is established, which can greatly improve the stability and rationarity of the Z(OH) - Q(G) relationship. The forecasting product of hourly rainfall accumulation derived from the RASIM has been put into operation. It is demonstrated that the RASIM plays an important role in the quantitative monitoring and forecasting of short-term torrential rainfall.
