Early sediment diagenesis on the Blake/Bahama Outer Ridge, North Atlantic Ocean, and its effects on sediment magnetism

Sediment magnetic and geochemical studies of a suite of deep-sea sediment cores from the Blake/Bahama Outer Ridge (BBOR), North Atlantic Ocean, have identified two current redox boundaries in surficial (Holocene), carbonate-rich sediments over much of the BBOR. The upper Mn+4/Mn+2 redox boundary is associated with a spike in the concentration of solid-phase Mn (as MnO2); the lower Fe+3/Fe+2 redox boundary is associated with a spike in the concentration of solid-phase Fe (as goethite, alpha FeOOH). Over much of the BBOR, high sediment magnetic intensities occur in surficial, carbonate-rich sediments associated with these redox boundaries and lower intensities occur in deeper (late Pleistocene) carbonate-poor sediments. This relationship is opposite to that expected if sediment magnetism simply reflects the elastic (noncarbonate) sediment fraction. The surficial, high sediment magnetic intensities are due primarily to the following two factors: (1) magnetic mineral authigenesis associated with early diagenesis and (2) the presence of abundant <0.1 mu m magnetite crystals interpreted to be bacterial magnetosomes. Magnetosomes are almost absent in the late Pleistocene low-carbonate sediments owing, most likely, to local Pleistocene environmental conditions (high elastic flux, low organic flux) which did not favor their growth. The sediment natural remanent magnetization is strongly correlated with the sediment elastic fraction and is relatively unaffected by early diagenesis and the presence of abundant bacterial magnetite. If this is typical, bacterial magnetite may be more abundant in nature but less important to sediment paleomagnetic records, than previously thought.