Dose-dependent induction of apoptosis or necrosis in human cells by organotin compounds

In the present study, the mode of cell death induced by highly toxic trialkylated tin compounds has been evaluated. Treatment of undifferentiated HL-60 cells with submicromolar to micromolar concentrations of tri-n-butyl-tin (TBT) led only to a slight decrease in cell viability measured with trypan blue exclusion. Nevertheless, cell membrane blebbing was observed by means of light microscopy and condensation of nuclear chromatin and formation of apoptotic bodies was demonstrated in Hoechst 33342 stained cells. The nuclear chromatin condensation was associated with an extensive DNA fragmentation. Visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis, genomic DNA appeared as a characteristic ladder-like pattern of DNA fragments which is the biochemical hallmark of apoptosis. The typical internucleosomal DNA digestion was concentration-dependent and began within 2 to 3 h of incubation. During the incubation period a persistent and steady elevation of intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+](i)) could be detected. Furthermore, the chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation could be blocked by supplementation of the incubation medium with zinc pointing to an activation of a zinc-sensitive and calcium-dependent endogenous endonuclease. Higher concentrations of tributyltin (greater than or equal to 5 mu mol/L TBT) led within hours to a cell killing with degenerative changes indicative of necrosis, demonstrated by plasma membrane disruption which was accompanied by random DNA breakdown. Furthermore, these concentrations also provoked a persistent elevation in [Ca2+](i) which reached, even after 10 min, higher levels in comparison with apoptosis-inducing concentrations. The loss in membrane integrity observed at these concentrations of TBT could be due to an activation of calcium-dependent phospholipases. Here it is shown that activation of cytosolic phospholipase A, (cPLA(2)) leads to liberation of arachidonic acid (AA) out of the phospholipid membrane. The results presented here demonstrate that organometals are able to induce different cell death pathways depending on the applied concentration: low concentrations led to apoptosis whereas high concentrations stimulate necrosis. We suggest that there exists a direct correlation between the intracellular free calcium concentration and the mode of cell death.