Growth, annealing and oxidation of the Ni/MgO (001) interface studied by grazing incidence x-ray scattering

We report an situ grazing incidence x-ray scattering study of the Ni/MgO (001) interface during its formation at room temperature. In-plane measurements reveal that the interface is sharp and that the epitaxial relationship is complex. In the early stages of growth, up to one monolayer of "on site'' Ni, in-plane strained to the lattice parameter of MgO, is observed. An oxygen epitaxial site is found. For the on-site fraction the interfacial and Ni interlayer distances were determined. For coverages larger than one monolayer two distinct lattices exist: expanded Ni (001) and Ni (110). The latter exhibits several orientations with respect to the substrate depending on the thickness. The Ni (110) orientations disappear by annealing at high temperature, leaving only the Ni cube/cube orientation. The layer was also almost fully transformed into NiO (001) by high temperature oxidation. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-8979(98)08819-7].