The apical loop of the HIV-1 TAR RNA hairpin is stabilized by a cross-loop base pair

The TAR hairpin of the HIV-1 RNA genome is indispensable for trans-activation of the viral promoter and virus replication. The TAR structure has been studied extensively, but most attention has been directed at the three-nucleotide bulge that constitutes the binding site of the viral Tat protein. In contrast, the conformational properties of the apical loop have remained elusive. We performed biochemical studies and molecular dynamics simulations, which indicate that the TAR loop is structured and stabilized by a cross-loop base pair between residues C-30 and G(34). Mutational disruption of the cross-loop base pair results in reduced Tat response of the LTR promoter, which can be rescued by compensatory mutations that restore the base pair. Thus, Tat-mediated transcriptional activation depends on the structure of the TAR apical loop. The C-30-G(34) cross-loop base pair classes TAR in a growing family of hairpins with a structured loop that was recently identified in ribosomal RNA, tRNA, and several viral and cellular mRNAs.