Multi-area economic generation and reserve dispatch

To ensure the security and reliability of a power system, maintaining sufficient emergency reserve across several units in each area is much more capable of responding frequency deviations and system load pick-up following a contingency for an isolated system such as Taiwan power system. The direct search method is extended to facilitate economic sharing of generation and reserve across areas and minimize the total generation cost in the multi-area reserve constrained economic dispatch. The effects of tie-line congestion and area spinning reserve requirement are also consistently reflected in the marginal cost in each area. Numerical experiments are included to understand various constraints in production cost analysis and to provide valuable information for both operational and planning problems.