Voluntary environmental agreements: Good or bad news for environmental protection?

There has been growing interest in the use elf voluntary agreements (VAs) as an environmental policy tool. This article uses a simple model to determine whether VAs are likely to lead to efficient environmental protection. We consider cases where polluters are induced to participate either by a background threat of mandatory controls (the "stick" approach) or by cost-sharing subsidies (thr "carrot" approach). The results suggest that the overall impact on environmental quality could be positive or negative, depending on a number of factors, including the allocation of bargaining power, tie magnitude of the background threat, and the social cost of funds. (C) 1998 Academic Press.