Bacterial vaginosis: Association with adverse pregnancy outcome

Bacterial vaginosis is the most common lower genital tract infection encountered among women of reproductive age. This condition can best be considered as a vaginal syndrome associated with an alteration of the normal vaginal flora rather than an infection specific to any one microorganism. Bacterial vaginosis is a clinical condition with a complex microbiology that is characterized by a reduced concentration of a normally abundant Lactobacillus species along with high concentrations of gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria, particularly, Gardnerella vaginalis and Mobiluncus, Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Mycoplasma species. The exact make up of the microorganisms and their relative concentration vary among women who have this condition. Although it was previously regarded as a harmless condition, recent work has linked bacterial vaginosis to numerous upper genital tract complications such as preterm labor and preterm delivery, preterm premature rupture of the membranes, chorioamnionitis, and postpartum endometritis. The findings from recent prospective randomized trials suggest that treatment of bacterial vaginosis in certain women who are at high risk for preterm delivery decreases the rate of preterm birth.