The integrity of the esophageal mucosa Balance between offensive and defensive mechanisms

Heartburn is the most common and characteristic symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease It ultimately results from contact of refluxed gastric acid with nociceptors within the esophageal mucosa and transmission of this peripheral signal to the central nervous system for cognition Healthy esophageal epithelium provides an effective barrier between refluxed gastric acid and esophageal nociceptors but this barrier is vulnerable to attack and damage particularly by acidic gastric contents How gastric acid is countered by defensive elements within the esophageal mucosa is a major focus of this discussion When the defense is successful the subject is asymptomatic and when unsuccessful the subject experiences heartburn Those with heartburn commonly fall Into one of three endoscopic types nonerosive reflux disease erosive esophagitis and Barrett s esophagus Although what determines endoscopic type remains unknown it is proposed herein that inflammation plays a key modulating role (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved