QBO signal found at the Extratropical Surface through Northern Annular Modes

A QBO (quasi-biennial oscillation) signal is found in 150-year, Northern Hemisphere, surface air temperatures which have been projected onto an annular mode at the surface. The signal is tied to the equatorial QBO by demonstrating coherence in the extratropical stratosphere and tracing the signal, using the annular modes as a filter, down through the atmosphere to the surface, Then the statistical significance of the surface signal is established.