Myocardial substrate oxidation during warm continuous blood cardioplegia

Background. Although long-chain fatty acids are a major energy substrate utilized by the myocardium, changes in the substrate balance toward a predominating fatty acid utilization could jeopardize the myocardium during cardiac operative procedures. Methods. In the present study myocardial substrate utilization was examined during warm continuous blood cardioplegia (4 hours, 37 degrees C), using pigs undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Hearts were perfused antegradely in a closed extracorporeal circuit in which cardioplegic donor blood (hematocrit, 22%) containing C-14-glucose and H-3-oleate was delivered to the heart. Arterial and coronary sinus blood samples were taken at intervals for determination of plasma concentrations of energy substrates, as well as glucose and oleate oxidation rates ((CO2)-C-14 and (HOH)-H-3 production). Results. The concentration of fatty acids in the cardioplegic perfusate did not change significantly during the cardiac arrest period. The mean concentration of glucose showed a 30% decline (not significant), whereas the lactate concentration increased from a starting value of 3.12 +/- 0.27 to 6.31 +/- 0.72 mmol/L at the end (mean +/- standard error of the mean; n = 8; p < 0.05). Only fatty acid levels showed a significant (positive) arterial-coronary sinus difference. Myocardial oxidation of oleate varied between 302 +/- 71 and 650 +/- 66 nmol . min(-1). heart(-1), whereas the range of variation for glucose oxidation was 144 +/- 64 to 355 +/- 107 nmol . min(-1). heart(-1). However, the changes in fatty acid levels and glucose oxidation rates during the cardiac arrest period were not statistically significant. We calculated that overall glucose oxidation accounted for less than 5% of the total aerobic energy production. Conclusions. The present results demonstrate overreliance on fatty acids as a source of energy during warm continuous blood cardioplegia, consistent with a condition of myocardial insulin resistance.