The first domestications of plants and animals, which occurred between 10 K years and 5 K years BP, and which underpinned the inception of agricultural systems, represent a major tuning point in cultural and environmental history. Whilst much has been written on these topics, new archaeological discoveries and the development of new methods of data collection require that these issues should be reappraised. One example of a new archaeological discovery is that of evidence for rice cultivation prior to 10 K years BP in the middle Yangtze Basin of China. This region is now considered to be the Likely centre of rice domestication and, because of the discovery of settlement structures, it may have been home to China's oldest civilization. In addition, further age determination may establish this region of China as the earliest centre of agricultural innovation, instead of southwest Asia. New methods of age estimation, notably by radiocarbon, have necessitated a reappraisal of the origins of agriculture in Mesoamerica, whilst biomolecular techniques are contributing to the identification of the wild relatives of domesticated plants and animals. Genetic analysis has also been applied to modern human populations in order to establish the relationships between different groups and thus to attempt to determine the movement of peoples in prehistory. Such relationships in Europe have been related to the spread of agriculture from its centre of origin in southwest Asia, although this is speculative rather than conclusive. Despite these advances, however, there is still no unequivocal evidence as to why agriculture was initiated.
