Advanced carbon electrode materials for molecular electrochemistry

The electronic and materials properties that partially determine electrochemical behavior have been reviewed. These include band structure, polymorphism, and optical properties. Other topics included in the review are as follows: how these properties relate to electrochemical properties including electrode kinetics, adsorption, and electrocatalysis; fabrication and novel aspects of new carbon mateials developed in the past 15 years including boron-doped diamond, carbon nanotubes, avpor-deposited carbon films, and various composite electrodes; several methods to carbon electrodes' surface modification with emphasis on those developed since early 1990s; and examples relating to organic and biological redox reactions.