New Insights Into Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease in Children

Development of intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) is a common complication of long-term parenteral nutrition (PN) in children and adults. The molecular and cellular mechanisms and the phases of IFALD are now being delineated. Components of PN lipid emulsions, including plant sterols, interact with hepatic innate immune activation promoted by products of gut bacterial overgrowth/dysbiosis and altered intestinal barrier function (gut-liver axis) and by episodes of sepsis to cause cholestasis and IFALD. New therapeutic strategies, including modifications of intravenous lipid emulsions to reduce pro-inflammatory fatty acids and plant sterol content, can lower the risk of IFALD, reverse cholestasis, and reduce complications, although the significance of persisting hepatic fibrosis is unknown. This review will provide an update on advances in the pathogenesis of IFALD, newer therapeutic and preventative strategies, and challenges that confront managing patients with IFALD.