Going Alone or Moving Together: Canadian and American Middle Tier Strategies on Climate Change

This article builds upon previous research that indicates that multilevel governance, especially at subnational levels and in the private sector, has the greatest potential to address the problem of climate change. Specifically, this article updates the study of climate change efforts among the Canadian provinces and the American states through case analysis. We identify two longitudinal strategies found in both the provinces and the states-a fragmented response to portions of the climate change problem, and a comprehensive strategy based on stakeholder education and participation. Institutional variations between the provinces and the states lead to some differences in the process of policy development, but not in the resulting policy tools used to address the issue.