Different behaviour of radioiodinated human recombinant interleukin-1 and its receptor antagonist in an animal model of infection

Recently, we demonstrated that radiolabelled interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1) specifically accumulates in focal infection in mice through interaction with its receptor, Unfortunately, systemic side-effects of IL-1 limit its clinical application. We investigated whether this problem could be circumvented by using the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), an equally sized protein that binds to the same receptors as IL-1 without induction of biological effects. Biodistribution of I-125-IL-1 and I-125-IL-1ra was determined in Swiss mice with Staphylococcus aureus-induced abscesses in the left calf muscle at 4, 12, 24 and 48 h after injection of either 0.4 MBq I-125-IL-1 or 0.4 MBq I-125-IL-1ra. In vitro, the proteins displayed similar binding characteristics. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis revealed a tendency for IL-1ra to associate with serum proteins. Both proteins rapidly cleared from most organs. However, the abscess uptake of I-125-IL-1ra was significantly lower than that of I-125-IL-1 at all time points (48 h p.i.: 0.06+/-0.01%ID/g vs 0.60+/-0.04%ID/g; P<0.02), The abscess-to-contralateral muscle ratios did not exceed 15.5+/-2.9 for I-125-IL-1ra, while the ratios for I-125-IL-1 reached 46.9+/-5.7 at 48 h p.i. Despite similar in vitro receptor binding, the abscess uptake of IL-1ra was much lower than that of IL-1, The interaction of IL-1ra with serum proteins in vivo may reduce its availability for receptor binding in the infection, Although on theoretical grounds IL-1ra is very interesting, these characteristics will prevent its development as a clinically useful radiopharmaceutical to image infection.