A review of instrumentation and measurement techniques for ground-based and airborne field studies of gas-phase tropospheric chemistry

The development, applications and intercomparisons of instrumentation and measurement techniques for ground-based and airborne field studies of gas-phase tropospheric chemistry are reviewed. Filter radiometry, chemical actinometry and scanning spectroradiometry for j-NO2 and j-((OD)-D-1) are described. Detection of OH using L-POAS/DOAS, MOAS, LIF/FAGE and CIMS is discussed. Observations of NO3 using DOAS, MIESR and CRDS, and of HO2 and RO2 With CA, CIMS/IMR-MS, MIESR, and LIF/FAGE are also reviewed. GC-FID, GGECD and GC-MS analyses of NMHCs and alkyl, peroxyacyl and bi-functional organic nitrates are described, together with applications of CIMS/PTR-MS, DOAS and LIE CO measurements utilising GFC, GC-HgO/UV, VUV-RF and TDLAS are presented. Measurements Of O-3 using UV photometry, chemiluminescence, electro-chemistry, LIDAR/DIAL and DOAS are discussed. Chemiluminescence and LIF detection methods for NO with photochemical and thermal convertors for NO2 and NOy are also discussed, as are TDLAS, MIESR, DOAS, CRDS and other approaches for NO2. HONO measurements using DOAS, CIMS, CRDS, TDLAS, denuder systems, chemiluminescence and on-line analyses of NO2- are described. For HONO2, filter packs, denuder systems, chemiluminescence methods, mist chambers, TDLAS, CIMS and LIF are presented. Direct and indirect fluorimetric, chromatographic and spectroscopic detection techniques are discussed for CH2O and higher carbonyls. Observations of H2O2 and ROOH utilising colorimetry, chemiluminescence, fluorescence, HPLC and TDLAS are also described.