Heat supply in the Netherlands: A systems analysis of costs, exergy efficiency, CO2 and NOx emissions

被引：14

作者：

Ossebaard, ME ^{[1
]}

vanWijk, AJM ^{[1
]}

VanWees, MT ^{[1
]}

机构：

[1] UNIV STUTTGART,IER,IERE,D-70550 STUTTGART,GERMANY

来源：

ENERGY | 1997年 / 22卷 / 11期

关键词：

D O I：

10.1016/S0360-5442(97)00045-5

中图分类号：

O414.1 [热力学];

学科分类号：

摘要：

About 50% of the primary energy supply in The Netherlands is used for heat production. To achieve a sustainable heat-supply system, it is necessary to obtain insight into costs, efficiency and environmental impacts for existing and possible future technologies. We have performed a comparative system analysis on six possible heat-supply chains (distribution and conversion) providing low-temperature heat to households to obtain a clear picture of their likely long-term economic, energetic and environmental performance to the year 2030. The systems studied are based on natural gas distribution [local condensing boilers or micro-cogeneration (indoors)] and on electricity (heat-pumps) and heat-distribution (district heat and small-scale cogeneration). A systems analysis was used. A heat-supply system based on district heating and/or electricity distribution turns out to be a good alternative to the present gas-based system. In addition, introduction of these systems will facilitate the future sustainability of energy sources. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

引用

页码：1087 / 1098

页数：12